A photoelectrochemical device with a nanostructured SnO₂ electrode modified with composite clusters of porphyrin-modified silica nanoparticle and fullerene

A silica nanoparticle has been successfully employed as a nanoscaffold to self-organize porphyrin and Cao molecules on a nanostructured SnO₂ electrode. The quenching of the porphyrin excited singlet state on the silica nanoparticle is suppressed significantly, showing that silica nanoparticles are promising scaffolds for organizing photoactive molecules three-dimensionally in nanometer scale. Marked enhancement of the photocurrent generation was achieved in the present system compared with the reference system, where a gold core was employed as a scaffold of porphyrins instead of a silica nanoparticle. The rather small incident photon-to-current efficiency relative to a similar photoelectrochemical device using a silica microparticle may result from poor electron and hole mobility in the composite film due to poor connection between the composite clusters of a porphyrin-modified silica nanoparticle and C ₆₀ in micrometer scale.