Cargo proteins facilitate the formation of transport vesicles in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway

Selective incorporation of cargo proteins into the forming vesicle is an important aspect of protein targeting via vesicular trafficking. Based on the current paradigm of cargo selection in vesicular transport, proteins to be sorted to other organelles are condensed at the vesicle budding site in the donor organelle, a process that is mediated by the interaction between cargo and coat proteins, which constitute part of the vesicle forming machinery. The cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway is an unconventional vesicular trafficking pathway in yeast, which is topologically and mechanistically related to autophagy. Aminopeptidase I (Ape1) is the major cargo protein of the Cvt pathway. Unlike the situation in conventional vesicular transport, precursor Apel, along with its receptor Atg19/Cvt19, is packed into a huge complex, termed a Cvt complex, independent of the vesicle formation machinery. The Cvt complex is subsequently incorporated into the forming Cvt vesicle. The deletion of APE1 or ATG19 compromised the organization of the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS), a site that is thought to play a critical role in Cvt vesicle/autophagosome formation. The proper organization of the PAS also required Atg11/Cvt9, a protein that localizes the cargo complex at the PAS. Accordingly, the deletion of APE1, ATG19, or ATG11 affected the formation of Cvt vesicles. These observations suggest a unique concept; in the case of the Cvt pathway, the cargo proteins facilitate receptor recruitment and vesicle formation rather than the situation with most vesicular transport, in which the forming vesicle concentrates the cargo proteins.