Characterizations of hyperbolically convex regions

Let X be a simply connected and hyperbolic subregion of the complex plane ℂ. A proper subregion Ω of X is called hyperbolically convex in X if for any two points A and B in Ω, the hyperbolic geodesic arc joining A and B in X is always contained in Ω. We establish a number of characterizations of hyperbolically convex regions Ω in X in terms of the relative hyperbolic density ρ_Ω (w) of the hyperbolic metric of Ω to X, that is the ratio of the hyperbolic metric λ_Ω (w) dw of Ω to the hyperbolic metric λ_X(w) dw of X. Introduction of hyperbolic differential operators on X makes calculations much simpler and gives analogous results to some known characterizations for euclidean or spherical convex regions. The notion of hyperbolic concavity relative to X for real-valued functions on Ω is also given to describe some sufficient conditions for hyperbolic convexity.