Charged Q -balls in gauge mediated SUSY breaking models

It is known that after Affleck-Dine baryogenesis, spatial inhomogeneities of Affleck-Dine field grow into nontopological solitons called Q-balls. In gauge mediated supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking models, sufficiently large Q-balls with baryon charge are stable while Q-balls with lepton charge can always decay into leptons. For a Q-ball that carries nonzero B and L charges, the difference between the baryonic component and the leptonic component in decay rate may induce nonzero electric charge on the Q-ball. This implies that a charged Q-ball, also called gauged Q-ball, may emerge in our universe. In this paper, we investigate two complex scalar fields, a baryonic scalar field and a leptonic one, in an Abelian gauge theory. We find stable solutions of gauged Q-balls for different baryon and lepton charges. Those solutions show that a Coulomb potential arises and the Q-ball becomes electrically charged as expected. It is energetically favored that some amount of leptonic component decays, but there is an upper bound on its amount due to the Coulomb force. The baryonic decay also becomes possible by virtue of electrical repulsion, but we find that the evolution itself stops before it occurs mainly due to the Schwinger limit, so that the charged Q-balls eventually survive in the universe.