Correlation of differential expression of silkworm antimicrobial peptide genes with different amounts of rel family proteins and their gene transcriptional activity

In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes are upregulated in the larval fat body by injection of bacteria and peptidoglycans (PGNs). The DAP-type PGN from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis exhibited stronger elicitor activity for expression of AMP genes in B. mori than Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that differences in bacterial influence on the induction levels of these genes depend on the differences in types of PGN. BmRelish1 mRNA was more abundant than BmRel mRNAs in the larval fat bodies. Moreover, the ability of the BmRelish1 active form to enhance the promoter activity of AMP genes was higher than that of BmRels. The difference was related to the binding affinity of Rel family proteins to kB sites. Our results suggest that different amounts and different transcriptional activities of Rel family proteins result in differential activation of AMP genes by PGN type and bacterium species.