Cytokine biomarker candidates in breast milk associated with the development of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants

Background: A few studies have reported that the quantity of selected cytokines/chemokines in breast milk might be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Using the multiplex cytokine assay system, we examined cytokines/chemokines in human milk in order to identify new biomarkers related to AD. Methods: We recruited 49 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort and measured the concentrations of cytokines/chemokines in the colostrum (collected within 4-5 days after birth) and mature milk (collected at 1 month postpartum) received by the infants. Results: There were significant differences in the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-12p40 in the colostrum, and in those of IL-4, eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-α2 and MIP-1α in the mature milk between the milk received by infants who developed AD at the age of 6 months and that received by the control infants. There was weak to moderate correlation between those 6 cytokines/chemokines in mature milk. Atopic history and IgE levels of mothers were not related to cytokine/chemokine concentrations in breast milk. Logistic regression analyses showed that high levels of eotaxin in the mature milk were a risk for the development of AD at 6 months of age. Conclusion: These results suggest that several cytokines/chemokines, especially eotaxin, are potential biomarkers for development of AD in early infancy.