TY - JOUR
T1 - Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst
AU - Nur Syazwani, O.
AU - Lokman Ibrahim, M.
AU - Wahyudiono,
AU - Kanda, Hideki
AU - Goto, Motonobu
AU - Taufiq-Yap, Y. H.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank to Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University for the use of laboratory equipment. Financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia is acknowledged.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2and NH3(CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface area analysis and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by supercritical methanol was successfully performed to obtain the high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield of 98% at the optimum methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, 290 °C in 15 min. The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3and SEM.
AB - In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2and NH3(CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface area analysis and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by supercritical methanol was successfully performed to obtain the high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield of 98% at the optimum methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, 290 °C in 15 min. The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3and SEM.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Esterification
KW - Sulfated calcium oxide
KW - Supercritical
KW - Waste shell
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U2 - 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.01.002
DO - 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.01.002
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85011092162
SN - 0896-8446
VL - 124
SP - 1
EP - 9
JO - Journal of Supercritical Fluids
JF - Journal of Supercritical Fluids
ER -