Estimation of the retinotopic map of an awake mouse brain based upon intrinsic optical signal imaging considering the ocular position and variation in pupil diameter

We have developeda novel methodto estimate the fine retinotopic map of the primary visual cortex from the intrinsic optical signal (IOS) induced by visual stimulation in an awake mouse. Unlike methods employing anesthesia, in order to reduce the burden on the animal, shortening the experimental time is an important requirement. During the awake state, eye movement, pupil diameter fluctuations, and brain background activity are present. Occurrence of eye movement blurs the retinal image. Excluding data under such circumstances in the synchronous average method is essential in conventional methods. In order to solve these problems, we focusedon the strong correlation between the pupil diameter andthe global signal (GS) of IOS andintroduced a process to remove GS from IOS in preprocessing. This process improvedthe SN ratio of visual response in a single trial. We assumedthat the response from the region of interest (ROI) of the cortex is described by the product sum of the retinal image andthe receptive fieldfunction expressing the projection from the retina to the cortex. In this model, unlike the synchronous average method, the influence of eye movement can be expressed by shifting the retinal image. Therefore, all the response data can be used to estimate parameters, irrespective of the stimulation location or eye position. Additionally, in this method, the spatial resolution does not depend on the spatial resolution of the stimulation spot. The parameters of the receptive fieldfunction can be estimatedusing the nonlinear least squares method. By applying this method to real data, we obtained a retinotopic map with much higher spatial resolution than that obtainedby conventional methods. Interestingly, structures similar to higher brain regions such as secondary visual cortex, which were previously observed only using invasive methods such as calcium imaging andelectrophysiological methodwith electrode insertion in the mouse brain, were also visualized. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method with high spatial resolution.