Factors affecting home-measured resting heart rate in the general population: The Ohasama study

Background: We recently demonstrated that a home-measured resting heart rate (HR) can predict cardiovascular disease mortality, and it is possible that the determinants of home HR are different from casual HR. Therefore, clarifying the determinants of home HR should be useful. Methods: Home HR was obtained using a self-monitored blood pressure (BP) measuring device. The impact of factors including home-measured BP and lifestyle on home HR was examined in 1275 members of the general Japanese population aged <40 years. Results: Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that younger age (β = -0.08, P ≤ .01), current smoking (β = 3.22, P ≤ .01), female gender (β = 2.07, P ≤ .01), and sedentary lifestyle (walking for ≤1 h/day) (β = 2.43, P ≤ .01) were determinants of elevated morning home HR. No significant association was observed between home HR and home systolic BP, whereas casual HR was significantly and positively associated with casual systolic BP. The difference between casual and home HR was also significantly and positively associated with the difference between casual and home systolic BP, suggesting that positive association between BP and HR obtained in clinic settings would be a reflection of the so-called white-coat effect. Conclusions: We observed that, with the exception of BP, most determinants of home HR were consistent with the determinants observed in previous studies using casual HR. These results suggest that reduction of home HR through modification of smoking habit or sedentary lifestyle may have a potential to decrease cardiovascular risk in addition to decreasing in these modifiable risk factor per se.