Functionalized nanofullerenes for hydrogen storage: A theoretical perspective

The increase in threats from global warming due to the consumption of fossil fuels requires our planet to adopt new strategies to harness the inexhaustible sources of energy. Hydrogen is an energy carrier which holds tremendous promise as a new renewable and clean energy option. Hydrogen is a convenient, safe, versatile fuel source that can be easily converted to a desired form of energy without releasing harmful emissions. However, no materials was found satisfy the desired goals and hence there is hunt for new materials that can store hydrogen reversibly at ambient conditions. In this chapter, we discuss and compare various nanofullerene materials proposed theoretically as storage medium for hydrogen. Doping of transition elements leads to clustering which reduces the gravimetric density of hydrogen, while doping of alkali and alkali-earth metals on the nanocage materials, such as carborides, boronitride, and boron cages, were stabilized by the charger transfer from the dopant to the nanocage. Further, the alkali or alkali-earth elements exist with a charge, which are found to be responsible for the higher uptake of hydrogen, through a dipole- dipole and change-induced dipole interaction. The binding energies of hydrogen on these systems were found to be in the range of 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV, which are ideal for the practical applications in a reversible system.