TY - JOUR
T1 - Graphene induces spontaneous cardiac differentiation in embryoid bodies
AU - Ahadian, Samad
AU - Zhou, Yuanshu
AU - Yamada, Shukuyo
AU - Estili, Mehdi
AU - Liang, Xiaobin
AU - Nakajima, Ken
AU - Shiku, Hitoshi
AU - Matsue, Tomokazu
N1 - Funding Information:
S. A. conceived the idea, designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the results, and wrote the paper. Y. Z. and S. Y. performed the experiments and analyzed the results. M. E. prepared the graphene dispersion. X. L. helped with the AFM measurements under the supervision of K. N. H. S. and T. M. analyzed the results and supervised the project. All authors read the manuscript, commented on it, and approved its content. This work was supported by the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.
PY - 2016/4/7
Y1 - 2016/4/7
N2 - Graphene was embedded into the structure of mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) using the hanging drop technique. The inclusion of 0.2 mg per mL graphene in the EBs did not affect the viability of the stem cells. However, the graphene decreased the stem cell proliferation, probably by accelerating cell differentiation. The graphene also enhanced the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the EBs. Interestingly, the cardiac differentiation of the EB-graphene was significantly greater than that of the EBs at day 5 of culture, as confirmed by high-throughput gene analysis. Electrical stimulation (voltage, 4 V; frequency, 1 Hz; and duration, 10 ms for 2 continuous days) further enhanced the cardiac differentiation of the EBs, as demonstrated by analyses of the cardiac protein and gene expression and the beating activity of the EBs. Taken together, the results demonstrated that graphene played a major role in directing the cardiac differentiation of EBs, which has potential cell therapy and tissue regeneration applications.
AB - Graphene was embedded into the structure of mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) using the hanging drop technique. The inclusion of 0.2 mg per mL graphene in the EBs did not affect the viability of the stem cells. However, the graphene decreased the stem cell proliferation, probably by accelerating cell differentiation. The graphene also enhanced the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the EBs. Interestingly, the cardiac differentiation of the EB-graphene was significantly greater than that of the EBs at day 5 of culture, as confirmed by high-throughput gene analysis. Electrical stimulation (voltage, 4 V; frequency, 1 Hz; and duration, 10 ms for 2 continuous days) further enhanced the cardiac differentiation of the EBs, as demonstrated by analyses of the cardiac protein and gene expression and the beating activity of the EBs. Taken together, the results demonstrated that graphene played a major role in directing the cardiac differentiation of EBs, which has potential cell therapy and tissue regeneration applications.
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U2 - 10.1039/c5nr07059g
DO - 10.1039/c5nr07059g
M3 - Article
C2 - 26960413
AN - SCOPUS:84961990770
SN - 2040-3364
VL - 8
SP - 7075
EP - 7084
JO - Nanoscale
JF - Nanoscale
IS - 13
ER -