@article{d66a0e1f3df7454faedca2408f54eb07,
title = "Phylogenetic Revision of the Order Entactinaria—Paleozoic Relict Radiolaria (Rhizaria, SAR)",
abstract = "Entactinaria, an order of Radiolaria, are defined by a specific skeletal structure called “initial spicular system (ISS)”. The oldest entactinarians appeared in the Ordovician period, and the extant species are thought to have survived until today. However, the morphological observation revealed that the ISSs of entactinarian families are highly variable, and the validity of this characteristic is questionable. This is supported by the results of 18S and 28S rRNA molecular phylogenetic analysis that suggested the polyphyly of the four families analyzed in this study. Orosphaeridae, Rhizosphaeridae, Hexalonchidae and Hexastylidae should be excluded from the order Entactinaria. Considering the present results and the diversity in the ISS, it is also possible that “living entactinarians” are polyphyletic.",
keywords = "Cercozoa, Entactinaria, Orosphaeridae, Phaeodaria, Rhizaria, unicellular zooplankton.",
author = "Yasuhide Nakamura and Sandin, {Miguel M.} and Noritoshi Suzuki and Akihiro Tuji and Fabrice Not",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Dr. Rie S. Hori (Ehime Univ.), Dr. Hiroaki Ohfuji (Ehime Univ.) and Ms. Naomi Uchiyama (Ehime Univ.) for their help in analysis. Appreciations are also due to Dr. Atsushi Yamaguchi (Hokkaido Univ.), Dr. Masaru Kanda, Ms. Mao Fujii, the staff of the Kuroshio Zikkan Center and the captains and crew of T/S Toyoshio-maru (Hiroshima Univ.) and T/S Oshoro-maru (Hokkaido Univ.), for their assistance in sampling. We are grateful to the editor, two anonymous reviewers and Dr. Paulian Dumitrica (Lausanne Univ.) because their constructive comments greatly improved our manuscript. This work was financially supported by Mikimoto Fund for Marine Ecology (2016–2017, Y. Nakamura), JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 17J03204 (Y. Nakamura) and K16K074750 (N. Suzuki). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier GmbH",
year = "2020",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1016/j.protis.2019.125712",
language = "English",
volume = "171",
journal = "Protist",
issn = "1434-4610",
publisher = "Urban und Fischer Verlag Jena",
number = "1",
}