Radical Prostatectomy With and Without Neoadjuvant Chemohormonal Pretreatment for High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer: A Comparative Propensity Score Matched Analysis

Background: To investigate the clinical outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) treated with neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy (NCHT) before radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods: Our NCHT protocol involved complete androgen blockade followed by 6 cycles of docetaxel (30 mg/m ² ) plus estramustine phosphate (560 mg). NCHT was provided to 60 patients with PCa before RP, and we compared the clinical and pathologic outcomes with those of 349 patients with high-risk PCa who underwent RP alone using propensity score matching. The data for those who underwent RP alone were obtained from the Michinoku Japan Urological Cancer Study Group database. Results: In the NCHT group, 10.0% experienced pathologic complete response, 3.3% had positive surgical margins, and 13.3% developed severe complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher) after RP. The median follow-up duration was 42.5 months, and the 5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival was 60.1%. In multivariate analysis, pN+ was an independent prognostic factor for BCR (hazard ratio = 5.251, 95%CI 1.300-21.201; P =.020). In propensity score matching, the BCR rate in the NCHT group was significantly lower than that in the RP alone group (P =.021). In subgroup analyses, the BCR rate in patients with a single high-risk factor was significantly lower in the NCHT group than in the RP-alone group (P =.027). Conclusion: NCHT before RP can reduce the risk of BCR in patients with high-risk PCa, particularly if a single high-risk factor is present. However, the potential for perioperative complications should be considered.