TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse
T2 - Review
AU - Sano, Daisuke
AU - Amarasiri, Mohan
AU - Hata, Akihiko
AU - Watanabe, Toru
AU - Katayama, Hiroyuki
N1 - Funding Information:
We really appreciate Dr. Jason Torrey (University of Tokyo, Japan), Dr. Masaaki Kitajima (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore), Dr. Yoshifumi Masago (United Nations University, Japan), and Dr. Eiji Haramoto (Yamanashi University, Japan) for their fruitful comments on this work. This study was supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) through Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST) , and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) ( 26249075 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2016/5/1
Y1 - 2016/5/1
N2 - Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10 reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.
AB - Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10 reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.
KW - Meta-analysis
KW - Multiple-barrier system
KW - Viral infectious diseases
KW - Virus log reduction
KW - Wastewater reclamation
KW - Water reuse
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001
M3 - Review article
C2 - 26985655
AN - SCOPUS:84960464153
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 91
SP - 220
EP - 229
JO - Environmental International
JF - Environmental International
ER -
