TY - JOUR
T1 - Science and technology of ammonia combustion
AU - Kobayashi, Hideaki
AU - Hayakawa, Akihiro
AU - Somarathne, K. D.Kunkuma A.
AU - Okafor, Ekenechukwu C.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge Professor Hisashi Nakamura, Professor Gao Wei, Taku Kudo and Tomohiro Nitta for stimulating discussions and assisting with the experiments. We also acknowledge Ph.D. students, Akinori Ichikawa and Sophie Colson, and all of the students in our laboratory for their contributions to the success of the work reported here. Moreover, this material is based on the work supported by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) “Energy Carriers” (Funding agency: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)). A part of the work was carried out under the Collaborative Research Project of the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - This paper focuses on the potential use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel, and covers recent advances in the development of ammonia combustion technology and its underlying chemistry. Fulfilling the COP21 Paris Agreement requires the de-carbonization of energy generation, through utilization of carbon-neutral and overall carbon-free fuels produced from renewable sources. Hydrogen is one of such fuels, which is a potential energy carrier for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. However, its shipment for long distances and storage for long times present challenges. Ammonia on the other hand, comprises 17.8% of hydrogen by mass and can be produced from renewable hydrogen and nitrogen separated from air. Furthermore, thermal properties of ammonia are similar to those of propane in terms of boiling temperature and condensation pressure, making it attractive as a hydrogen and energy carrier. Ammonia has been produced and utilized for the past 100 years as a fertilizer, chemical raw material, and refrigerant. Ammonia can be used as a fuel but there are several challenges in ammonia combustion, such as low flammability, high NOx emission, and low radiation intensity. Overcoming these challenges requires further research into ammonia flame dynamics and chemistry. This paper discusses recent successful applications of ammonia fuel, in gas turbines, co-fired with pulverize coal, and in industrial furnaces. These applications have been implemented under the Japanese 'Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP): Energy Carriers'. In addition, fundamental aspects of ammonia combustion are discussed including characteristics of laminar premixed flames, counterflow twin-flames, and turbulent premixed flames stabilized by a nozzle burner at high pressure. Furthermore, this paper discusses details of the chemistry of ammonia combustion related to NOx production, processes for reducing NOx, and validation of several ammonia oxidation kinetics models. Finally, LES results for a gas-turbine-like swirl-burner are presented, for the purpose of developing low-NOx single-fuelled ammonia gas turbine combustors.
AB - This paper focuses on the potential use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel, and covers recent advances in the development of ammonia combustion technology and its underlying chemistry. Fulfilling the COP21 Paris Agreement requires the de-carbonization of energy generation, through utilization of carbon-neutral and overall carbon-free fuels produced from renewable sources. Hydrogen is one of such fuels, which is a potential energy carrier for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. However, its shipment for long distances and storage for long times present challenges. Ammonia on the other hand, comprises 17.8% of hydrogen by mass and can be produced from renewable hydrogen and nitrogen separated from air. Furthermore, thermal properties of ammonia are similar to those of propane in terms of boiling temperature and condensation pressure, making it attractive as a hydrogen and energy carrier. Ammonia has been produced and utilized for the past 100 years as a fertilizer, chemical raw material, and refrigerant. Ammonia can be used as a fuel but there are several challenges in ammonia combustion, such as low flammability, high NOx emission, and low radiation intensity. Overcoming these challenges requires further research into ammonia flame dynamics and chemistry. This paper discusses recent successful applications of ammonia fuel, in gas turbines, co-fired with pulverize coal, and in industrial furnaces. These applications have been implemented under the Japanese 'Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP): Energy Carriers'. In addition, fundamental aspects of ammonia combustion are discussed including characteristics of laminar premixed flames, counterflow twin-flames, and turbulent premixed flames stabilized by a nozzle burner at high pressure. Furthermore, this paper discusses details of the chemistry of ammonia combustion related to NOx production, processes for reducing NOx, and validation of several ammonia oxidation kinetics models. Finally, LES results for a gas-turbine-like swirl-burner are presented, for the purpose of developing low-NOx single-fuelled ammonia gas turbine combustors.
KW - Ammonia combustion
KW - Carbon-free fuel
KW - Energy carriers
KW - Gas turbine
KW - NOx emission
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U2 - 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029
DO - 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85056166666
SN - 1540-7489
VL - 37
SP - 109
EP - 133
JO - Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
JF - Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
IS - 1
ER -
