Seasonal variations in planktonic foraminiferal flux and oxygen isotopic composition in the western North Pacific: Implications for paleoceanographic reconstruction

The oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) of planktonic foraminiferal shells in seafloor sediment provides information on past surface oceanography. Knowledge of seasonal and depth habitat, as well as the δ¹⁸O disequilibrium (vital effect), is essential to constrain the interpretation of sedimentary δ¹⁸O. Here, we present a 1-year time series of planktonic foraminiferal shell fluxes and δ¹⁸O from a sediment trap moored in the northwestern margin of the North Pacific. The vital effect and calcification depth for four species were estimated by comparing shell δ¹⁸O and the predicted values of equilibrium calcite calculated from temperature and estimated δ¹⁸O in seawater. Six major species (Neogloboquadrina incompta, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Globigerina quinqueloba, Globigerina bulloides, and Globorotalia scitula) constituted 97% of the total foraminiferal flux. Most major species showed large fluxes in June and December, corresponding to periods of the development and disruption of the seasonal thermocline, implying the importance of nutrient injection and/or circulation for foraminiferal fluxes. Additional peaks in N. dutertrei and N. pachyderma were observed in August. The seasonal successions of foraminiferal fluxes corresponded to surface ocean stratification conditions and food availability, which are closely related to circulation of local currents. Vital effect estimations suggest that shells calcified in equilibrium for G. bulloides and N. pachyderma [sinistral (s)] and with a -0.7‰ offset for N. dutertrei [dextral (d)], a -1.0‰ offset for N.incompta (d), and a -0.3‰ offset for N. pachyderma (d). The calculation of flux-weighted δ¹⁸O values reveals that the sedimentary δ¹⁸O values of G. bulloides, N. dutertrei (d), and N. incompta (d) reflect surface temperature in winter season, and those of N. pachyderma (s) and N. pachyderma (d) reflect summer and annual mean subsurface temperature, respectively. The shallow calcification depths for the four species suggest that δ¹⁸O between different species (δδ¹⁸O) in the western North Pacific does not work for reconstructing past stratification conditions, unlike in other regions. Rather, the δδ¹⁸O between N. pachyderma (s) and G. bulloides, N. dutertrei (d) or N. incompta (d) may be a more suitable proxy for past seasonality.