@article{84ad5170e6f94618a1e0ad8d077c1fb4,
title = "The gaze bias effect in toddlers: Preliminary evidence for the developmental study of visual decision-making",
abstract = "Several studies have investigated the interactive relationship between attention and decision-making, which is known as the gaze bias effect. Although the generalizability of the gaze bias effect has recently been observed among young and older adults, it remains unknown in which developmental period individuals start to exhibit this relationship. This question was addressed in the current study by recruiting 58 toddlers aged 2–4 years. Participants were asked to do a two-alternative forced-choice task in which they chose one of two soft toys they preferred while their eye movements were recorded. Results demonstrated that toddlers exhibited gaze bias regardless of age. We also found that the number of gaze shifts during the task increased according to age. These results suggest that the interactive relationship between attention and decision is acquired by the age of two. The implications of the increased number of gaze shifts for visual decision-making are discussed.",
keywords = "eye movements, gaze bias, preference judgment, toddler",
author = "Toshiki Saito and Ryunosuke Sudo and Yuji Takano",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by Tohoku University (Research Grant of Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, awarded to Toshiki Saito), Takeda Science Foundation (Research Grant for Visionary Research, awarded to Yuji Takano), and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant Number: 16KT 0002 and 19K21805 awarded to Yuji Takano, 19J12925 awarded to Toshiki Saito). Funding Information: This research was conducted at the Center for Baby Science, Doshisha University, which the last author belonged to. The authors thank M. Nishi, C. Hashizume, Y. Akiyama, E. Higashitani, M. Sakaguchi, and K. Konishi for assistance with data collection. This work is dedicated to the memory of Yukuo Konishi, previous manager, Center for Baby Science. This study was supported by Tohoku University (Research Grant of Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, awarded to Toshiki Saito), Takeda Science Foundation (Research Grant for Visionary Research, awarded to Yuji Takano), and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant Number: 16KT 0002 and 19K21805 awarded to Yuji Takano, 19J12925 awarded to Toshiki Saito). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors. Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/desc.12969",
language = "English",
volume = "23",
journal = "Developmental Science",
issn = "1363-755X",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "6",
}