Three dimensional polarization direction measurement using scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy with rotating electric field

A scanning nonlinear dielectric microscope (SNDM) probe, called the ε₃₁₁-type probe, and a system to measure the ferroelectric polarization component parallel to the surface using rotating electric field have been developed. This is achieved by measuring the ferroelectric material's nonlinear dielectric constant ε₃₁₁ instead of ε₃₃₃, which is measured in conventional SNDM. Experimental results show that the probe can satisfactorily detect the direction of the polarization parallel to the surface, it can be applied to measure three-dimensional polarization vectors.