Trabecular bone deterioration in col9a1^+/- mice associated with enlarged osteoclasts adhered to collagen IX-deficient bone

Introduction: Short collagen IX, the exclusive isoform expressed by osteoblasts, is synthesized through alternative transcription of the col9a1 gene. The function of short collagen IX in bone was characterized in col9a1-null mutant mice. Materials and Methods: Trabecular bone morphometry of lumbar bones and tibias was evaluated by μCT and nondecalcified histology. Osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities were evaluated by PCR- and microarray-based gene expression assays and TRACP-5b and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) assays, as well as in vitro using bone marrow stromal cells and splenocytes. The effect of col9a1^+/- mutation on osteoclast morphology was evaluated using RAW264.7-derived osteoclastic cells cultured on the mutant or wildtype calvarial bone substrates. Results: Col9a1 knockout mutation caused little effects on the skeletal development; however, young adult female col9a1^-/- and col9a1^+/- mice exhibited significant loss of trabecular bone. The trabecular bone architecture was progressively deteriorated in both male and female heterozygous col9a1^+/- mice while aging. The aged mutant mice also exhibited signs of thoracic kyphosis and weight loss, resembling the clinical signs of osteoporosis. The col9a1^+/- osteoblasts synthesized short col9a1 transcripts at decreased rates. Whereas bone formation activities in vitro and in vivo were not affected, the mutant osteoblast expressed the elevated ratio of RANKL/osteoprotegerin. Increased serum TRACP-5b and CTX levels were found in col9a1^+/- mice, whose bone surface was associated with osteoclastic cells that were abnormally flattened and enlarged. The mutant and wildtype splenocytes underwent similar osteoclastogenesis in vitro; however, RAW264.7-derived osteoclastic cells, when cultured on the col9a1^+/- calvaria, widely spread over the bone surface and formed large resorption pits. The surface of col9a1^+/- calvaria was found to lack the typical nanotopography. Conclusions: The mineralized bone matrix deficient of short collagen IX may become susceptible to osteoclastic bone resorption, possibly through a novel non-cell-autonomous mechanism. The data suggest the involvement of bone collagen IX in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.