15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibits neutrophil migration across cytokine-activated endothelium

15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) is an eicosanoid, formed by the actions of 15-lipoxygenase, epoxygenases, and cyclooxygenases on arachidonic acid, whose tissue levels are often elevated during inflammation. The present study demonstrates that 15(S)-HETE is a potent inhibitor of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration across cytokine-activated endothelium in vitro. 15(S)-HETE is rapidly esterified into PMN phospholipids, and we report that 15-(S)-HETE-remodeled PMN displayed blunted adhesion and migration across, human endothelial cells that had been activated with either interleukin-1 β or tumor necrosis factor-α. Several lines of evidence suggested that 15(S)- HETE inhibited PMN transmigration by attenuating PMN responsiveness to endothelial cell-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF). The inhibitory action of 15(S)-HETE on transmigration was not restricted by the profile of adhesion molecules expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium. Interleukin- 1β and tumor necrosis factor-α induce PAF production by endothelium, and PMN migration across cytokine-activated endothelium was inhibited by a PAF receptor antagonist. PMN migration across endothelium in response to exogenous PAF was dramatically inhibited following exposure of PMN to 15(S)- HETE. Furthermore, 15(S)-HETE-remodeled PMN displayed impaired cytoskeletal and adhesion responses when stimulated by exogenous PAF, two pivotal events in PMN migration across activated endothelium. 15(S)-HETE seemed to attenuate PMN responsiveness to PAF by inhibiting membrane-associated signal transduction events. In keeping with this interpretation, remodeling of PMN phospholipids with 15(S)-HETE was associated with a sixfold reduction in the affinity of specific high-affinity PAF receptors for their ligand and impaired PAF-triggered IP3 generation. In contrast, PMN adhesion responses stimulated by calcium ionophore or activators of protein kinase C remained intact. These results provide further evidence that 15(S)-HETE may be an important endogenous inhibitor of PMN-endothelial cell interaction that serves to limit or reverse neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo.