Photocatalytic Structures for Protein Modifications

The chemical modification of proteins serves as a fundamental tool for understanding biological processes and enables the design of biofunctional materials. Among the available methodologies, photochemical strategies have garnered significant attention because of their remarkable biocompatibility and precise spatiotemporal reaction control. Developing novel reactions tailored to specific applications necessitates a comprehensive understanding of photoreactive properties, including catalyst structures, appropriate modifiers, and reaction conditions. This review discusses chemical modifications of proteins using an array of catalysts, including photoredox catalysts for single-electron transfer (SET), catalysts for energy transfer, long-wavelength excitable photocatalysts, genetically encoded photocatalysts, and artificial metalloenzymes. The discussion covers the unique attributes, mechanisms, practical applications, and future prospects of each catalyst-driven reaction, shedding light on the evolving landscape of protein chemical modifications.