Potentiation of nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation by xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Nitric oxide (NO), now almost synonymous with endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), reacts with superoxide anion radical (O₂^-) and forms a potentially toxic molecular species, peroxynitrite (ONOO^-). Because xanthine oxidase (XO) seems to be a major O₂^--producing enzyme in the vascular system. It is important to clarify the mechanism of XO regulation of NO/EDRF. We first characterized the inhibition of XO in vitro by three types of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives. Kinetic studies indicated that 4-amino-6- hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (AHPP) and allopurinol competitively inhibited the conversion of xanthine to uric acid catalyzed by XO, with apparent K₁ values of 0.17 ± 0.02 and 0.50 ± 0.03 μM, respectively; alloxanthine inhibited this conversion in a noncompetitive manner with an apparent K₁ value of 3.54 ± 1.12 μM. O₂^- generation in the xanthine/XO system assayed by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence was suppressed most strongly by AHPP in a dose-dependent fashion; allopurinol itself appears to reduce the enzyme by transfer of an electron to O₂, thus generating O₂^-. AHPP significantly augmented EDRF-mediated relaxation of aortic rings from both rabbits and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas allopurinol did not affect the relaxation and only marginal potentiation of the vasorelaxation was observed with alloxanthine. Finally, iv injection of AHPP (50.4 mg/kg; 100 μmol/300 g rat) reduced the blood pressure of SHR rats to 70% of the initial pressure; this pressure is almost the blood pressure of normal rats. Allopurinol (100 μmol/300 g rat; iv) showed transient decrease in blood pressure and moderate reduction of hypertension of SHR (10%) was observed with iv injection of alloxanthine (100 μmol/300 g rat). On the basis of these results, it seems that XO regulates EDRF/NO via production of O₂^-.